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C++

Rules of Thumb

Pass and return primitives as value to and from functions
Pass objects as const reference to functions and omit const only when the function is designed to modify the object
Return objects which are attributes of the class as const reference and objects wich are not class attributes (especially stack objects) as value!
Prefer references to pointers
Encapsulate new and delete in the constructor and destructor of a class
Always declare constant primitives and objects with const